Ice Age 2002 Inhaltsangabe & Details
Vor Jahren, als die Eiszeit kurz bevorsteht, bevölkern riesige, majestätische Tiere den Erdball - sieht man einmal von einem Quartett gar nicht so edler Vierbeiner ab. Und das sind das verbiesterte wollige Mammut Manny, das ungehobelte. Ice Age (engl. für „Eiszeit“) ist ein US-amerikanischer Computeranimationsfilm von Blue Sky Studios aus dem Jahr Der Film der Regisseure Chris Wedge. Er ist die Fortsetzung von Ice Age aus dem Jahr Regie bei der kommerziell äußerst erfolgreichen Filmkomödie führte wieder Carlos Saldanha, das. Ice Age: Kinder- & Familienfilm/Animations- & Zeichentrickfilm/Computeranimationsfilm von Lori Forte. Jetzt im Kino. workingtri21.eu - Kaufen Sie Ice Age günstig ein. Qualifizierte Bestellungen werden kostenlos geliefert. Sie finden Rezensionen und Details zu einer vielseitigen. 2,58 Millionen Bewertungen. Herunterladen. Kino, Top Filme, Nachts Im Museum, Eis. Mehr dazu. Ice Age (). Find this Pin and more on Cartoon. Ice Age ein Film von Chris Wedge und Carlos Saldanha. Inhaltsangabe: Ein tierisches Trio, bestehend aus dem einzelgängerischen Mammut Manni, dem.
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Verleiher Fox Deutschland. Deutscher Titel. Währenddessen verschwindet Das prähistorische Road- Schwarze Reichswehr Buddy-Movie sprüht nur so vor Dialogwitz, ist technisch ausgereift und ohne Mängel. Ice Age engl. Aber in der Mischung aus Das Dschungelbuch und Drei Männer und ein Baby sind die Charaktere und ihre Marotten, die Dialoge und Pointen, Situationskomik und anrührende Sentimentalität köstlich und Ismail Kadare aufeinander abgestimmt. In Der Lehrer Staffel 2 Stream Kinox Epilog ist zu sehen, wie ein Eisblock Genannt seien hier der Missoulasee Missoula-Fluten und der Agassizsee. Wo kann man diesen Film schauen? Der Damm ist damit gebrochen, die Dr Dauer Köln strömen aus dem Tal und alle Bewohner sind gerettet. Es haben insgesamt 1 Besucher eine Bewertung abgegeben. Von Chris WedgeCarlos Saldanha. Obwohl es sich bei Scrat um ein Fantasiegeschöpf handelt, wurde ein argentinisches Säugetierfossil präsentiert, das Scrat sehr ähnlich sieht.According to Kuhle, the plate-tectonic uplift of Tibet past the snow-line has led to a surface of c. The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Because this highland is at a subtropical latitude, with 4 to 5 times the insolation of high-latitude areas, what would be Earth's strongest heating surface has turned into a cooling surface.
Kuhle explains the interglacial periods by the ,year cycle of radiation changes due to variations in Earth's orbit. This comparatively insignificant warming, when combined with the lowering of the Nordic inland ice areas and Tibet due to the weight of the superimposed ice-load, has led to the repeated complete thawing of the inland ice areas.
The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Each cycle has a different length, so at some times their effects reinforce each other and at other times they partially cancel each other.
There is strong evidence that the Milankovitch cycles affect the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods within an ice age.
The present ice age is the most studied and best understood, particularly the last , years, since this is the period covered by ice cores that record atmospheric composition and proxies for temperature and ice volume.
The combined effects of the changing distance to the Sun, the precession of the Earth's axis , and the changing tilt of the Earth's axis redistribute the sunlight received by the Earth.
Of particular importance are changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis, which affect the intensity of seasons.
It is widely believed that ice sheets advance when summers become too cool to melt all of the accumulated snowfall from the previous winter.
Some believe that the strength of the orbital forcing is too small to trigger glaciations, but feedback mechanisms like CO 2 may explain this mismatch.
While Milankovitch forcing predicts that cyclic changes in the Earth's orbital elements can be expressed in the glaciation record, additional explanations are necessary to explain which cycles are observed to be most important in the timing of glacial—interglacial periods.
In particular, during the last , years, the dominant period of glacial—interglacial oscillation has been , years, which corresponds to changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.
Yet this is by far the weakest of the three frequencies predicted by Milankovitch. During the period 3.
The reasons for dominance of one frequency versus another are poorly understood and an active area of current research, but the answer probably relates to some form of resonance in the Earth's climate system.
Recent work suggests that the K year cycle dominates due to increased southern-pole sea-ice increasing total solar reflectivity.
The "traditional" Milankovitch explanation struggles to explain the dominance of the ,year cycle over the last 8 cycles. Richard A. Muller , Gordon J.
MacDonald , [61] [62] [63] and others have pointed out that those calculations are for a two-dimensional orbit of Earth but the three-dimensional orbit also has a ,year cycle of orbital inclination.
They proposed that these variations in orbital inclination lead to variations in insolation, as the Earth moves in and out of known dust bands in the solar system.
Although this is a different mechanism to the traditional view, the "predicted" periods over the last , years are nearly the same.
Another worker, William Ruddiman , has suggested a model that explains the ,year cycle by the modulating effect of eccentricity weak ,year cycle on precession 26,year cycle combined with greenhouse gas feedbacks in the 41, and 26,year cycles.
Yet another theory has been advanced by Peter Huybers who argued that the 41,year cycle has always been dominant, but that the Earth has entered a mode of climate behavior where only the second or third cycle triggers an ice age.
This would imply that the ,year periodicity is really an illusion created by averaging together cycles lasting 80, and , years. The jumps are induced by the orbital forcing, while in the early Pleistocene the 41,year glacial cycles resulted from jumps between only two climate states.
A dynamical model explaining this behavior was proposed by Peter Ditlevsen. At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.
Volcanoes and movements in continental plates contributed to high amounts of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide from volcanoes probably contributed to periods with highest overall temperatures.
The current geological period, the Quaternary , which began about 2. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10, years ago.
The major glacial stages of the current ice age in North America are the Illinoian , Eemian and Wisconsin glaciation.
The use of the Nebraskan, Afton, Kansan, and Yarmouthian stages to subdivide the ice age in North America has been discontinued by Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists.
These stages have all been merged into the Pre-Illinoian in the s. During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum 26, to 13, years ago , ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.
These sheets were 3 to 4 kilometres 1. This Wisconsin glaciation left widespread impacts on the North American landscape.
The Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes were carved by ice deepening old valleys. Most of the lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin were gouged out by glaciers and later filled with glacial meltwaters.
The old Teays River drainage system was radically altered and largely reshaped into the Ohio River drainage system. Other rivers were dammed and diverted to new channels, such as Niagara Falls , which formed a dramatic waterfall and gorge, when the waterflow encountered a limestone escarpment.
The area from Long Island to Nantucket, Massachusetts was formed from glacial till , and the plethora of lakes on the Canadian Shield in northern Canada can be almost entirely attributed to the action of the ice.
As the ice retreated and the rock dust dried, winds carried the material hundreds of miles, forming beds of loess many dozens of feet thick in the Missouri Valley.
Post-glacial rebound continues to reshape the Great Lakes and other areas formerly under the weight of the ice sheets. The Driftless Area , a portion of western and southwestern Wisconsin along with parts of adjacent Minnesota , Iowa , and Illinois , was not covered by glaciers.
A specially interesting climatic change during glacial times has taken place in the semi-arid Andes. Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here.
From this follows that—beside of an annual depression of temperature about c. Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N.
Although the last glacial period ended more than 8, years ago, its effects can still be felt today. The erratic boulders , till , drumlins , eskers , fjords , kettle lakes , moraines , cirques , horns , etc.
The weight of the ice sheets was so great that they deformed the Earth's crust and mantle. After the ice sheets melted, the ice-covered land rebounded.
During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.
During deglaciation , the melted ice-water returned to the oceans, causing sea level to rise. This process can cause sudden shifts in coastlines and hydration systems resulting in newly submerged lands, emerging lands, collapsed ice dams resulting in salination of lakes, new ice dams creating vast areas of freshwater, and a general alteration in regional weather patterns on a large but temporary scale.
It can even cause temporary reglaciation. This type of chaotic pattern of rapidly changing land, ice, saltwater and freshwater has been proposed as the likely model for the Baltic and Scandinavian regions, as well as much of central North America at the end of the last glacial maximum, with the present-day coastlines only being achieved in the last few millennia of prehistory.
Also, the effect of elevation on Scandinavia submerged a vast continental plain that had existed under much of what is now the North Sea, connecting the British Isles to Continental Europe.
The redistribution of ice-water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks causes changes in the gravitational field as well as changes to the distribution of the moment of inertia of the Earth.
These changes to the moment of inertia result in a change in the angular velocity , axis , and wobble of the Earth's rotation. The weight of the redistributed surface mass loaded the lithosphere , caused it to flex and also induced stress within the Earth.
The presence of the glaciers generally suppressed the movement of faults below. Earthquakes triggered near the ice margin may in turn accelerate ice calving and may account for the Heinrich events.
In Europe, glacial erosion and isostatic sinking from weight of ice made the Baltic Sea , which before the Ice Age was all land drained by the Eridanos River.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a generic geological period of temperature reduction.
For the most recent glacial period commonly referred to as the Ice Age, see Last glacial period and Pleistocene. For other uses, see Ice age disambiguation.
Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere. See also: History of climate change science. Main article: Timeline of glaciation.
See also: Glacial period and Interglacial. Minimum and maximum glaciation. Minimum interglacial, black and maximum glacial, grey glaciation of the northern hemisphere.
Minimum interglacial, black and maximum glacial, grey glaciation of the southern hemisphere. This section does not cite any sources.
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January Learn how and when to remove this template message.
See also: Glacial history of Minnesota. See also: Glacial landform. Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series.
Retrieved 7 January Ice ages: solving the mystery. Comptes Rendus Geoscience in French. Bibcode : CRGeo. Note: p.
In Mathews, C. The annals of Mont Blanc. London: Unwin. Discovering the Ice Ages. The Earth in Decay. A History of British Geomorphology — Cunningham, Frank F.
James David Forbes. Pioneer Scottish Glaciologist. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. Scientific American. Nature Geoscience. Bibcode : NatGe November The Geographical Journal.
Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 Sep Bibcode : PNAS.. Bibcode : Natur. Paleos: Life through deep time.
Archived from the original on 15 June Quaternary Sci. Bibcode : JQS Archived from the original PDF on June 24, Retrieved Bibcode : Sci Earth Environments: Past, Present and Future.
Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms. BBC News. Retrieved 10 August Bibcode : SciAm. Bibcode : Geo Marshall Amsterdam: Academic Press, , April In Ehlers, J.
Amsterdam: Elsevier. In Singh, V. Bibcode : PNAS July Archived from the original PDF on Bibcode : PalOc.. Retrieved 25 April Archived from the original on National Geographic.
Quaternary Science Reviews. Bibcode : QSRv Boreham, K. Cohen and A. Moscariello, , Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.
Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I. Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika-Symposiums in Bamberg.
Development in Quaternary Science. Bibcode : GeoRu.. The Ice Age World: an introduction to quaternary history and research with emphasis on North America and Northern Europe during the last 2.
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. In Gregersen, S. Earthquakes at North-Atlantic passive margins: Neotectonics and postglacial rebound.
Dordrecht: Kluwer. Like many films of prehistoric life, the rules of time periods apply very loosely, as many of the species shown in the film never actually lived in the same time periods or the same geographic regions.
The film, originally envisioned as a traditionally animated movie with an action-oriented comedy-drama tone, was intended to be developed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman 's Fox Animation Studios.
In light of this, Fox Animation head Chris Meledandri and executive producer Steve Bannerman approached Forte with the proposition of developing the film as a computer-animated movie, which Forte realized was "basically a no-brainer," according to her.
Michael J. Wilson , who had written and developed the film's original story treatments in conjunction with Forte, wrote the first draft for the script, and Chris Wedge , a co-founder of Blue Sky, was brought on to the project as the director in late Fox also opted for the movie to take a more comedy-oriented direction albeit while still maintaining some dramatic elements , and brought writer Michael Berg to help emphasize a funnier tone.
After being hired, Berg reportedly told the studio that he couldn't write a kid's film, to which the studio responded, "Great! Just write a good story.
Story development began in spring of , [4] and official production on the film began in June , one week after the closure of Fox Animation Studios.
Jon Vitti and Mike Reiss , both former writers for The Simpsons , were added later on after Berg and Ackerman left to further polish the script.
For research, the film's development team took several trips to the Museum of Natural History early on in production in order to make sure that the film authentically felt like the Ice Age.
Wilson stated on his blog that his daughter Flora came up with the idea for an animal that was a mixture of both squirrel and rat, naming it Scrat, and that the animal was obsessed with pursuing his acorn.
The name 'Scrat' is a combination of the words 'squirrel' and 'rat', as Scrat has characteristics of both species; Wedge has also called him "saber-toothed squirrel.
This was the only role intended for Scrat, but he proved to be such a popular character with test audiences that he was given more scenes.
The filmmakers made it so that many of the scenes with Scrat appear directly after dramatic moments in the film.
In a interview with Jay Leno , Denis Leary revealed that his character, Diego the sabertooth, originally died near the end of the film. However, it was reported that kids in the test audience bursted into tears when his death was shown.
Leary himself warned the producers that something like this would happen. When it was proven true, the scene was re-written to ensure Diego survived.
Originally, Sid the Sloth was supposed to be a con-artist and a hustler, and there was even a finished scene of the character conning some aardvark kids.
His character was later changed to a talkative-clumsy sloth because the team felt the audience would have hated him.
There was also an alternate scene of Sid in the hottub with the ladies which shows him saying to them "Let's jump in the gene pool and see what happens.
This was cut because it was not suitable for children and may have gotten the film a PG rating. Other innuendos with Sid were also cut from the film.
Sid was also supposed to have a female sloth named Sylvia voiced by Kristen Johnston chasing after him, whom he despised and kept ditching.
All the removed scenes can be seen on the DVD. The characters and environments in Ice Age were modeled and animated using WaveFront's Maya animation software.
Rendering was completed using CGI Studio, an in-house ray tracing program being developed since Blue Sky's formation in and previously used for Wedge's short film, Bunny.
While Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius , released three months before Ice Age , became the first computer-animated film to make use of ray tracing technology, Ice Age would have received the distinction had it been released at the time Blue Sky began work on the movie.
In order to keep the film at a more exciting pace, the development team took certain liberties with Sid in terms of realism; although real-life ground sloths were slow-moving and rigid, Sid was given a fast movement speed in certain scenes, as well as a more flexible range of motions.
Manny was a particularly difficult character to animate due to his unique attributes as a mammoth, such as his long fur and massive trunks that covered up his face.
According to co-director Carlos Saldanha, Diego was one of the most complexly animated characters in the movie, with some scenes showing off his high movement speed as a sabre-toothed tiger while others kept his movement more contained and focused on his facial expressions to carry the moment.
The voice cast of Ice Age was encouraged to make up their own dialogue during recording. Several lines in the film were improvised by the actors.
For Manny the Mammoth, the studio was initially looking at people with big voices. Wedge described Romano's voice as deep and slow in delivery, but also with a "sarcastic wit behind it.
John Leguizamo , who provided the voice for Sid the Sloth, experimented with over 40 voices for the character, including a slower-sounding voice to fit with the lazy nature of a giant sloth.
Leguizamo came up with the final voice and trademark lateral lisp for the character after watching footage of sloths and learning that they store food in the pockets of their mouths which ferments over time.
The soundtrack consists of the original musical score composed for the film by David Newman and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Ice Age broke the record for a March opening later surpassed in by its sequel, Ice Age: The Meltdown and at the time was the third-best opening ever for an animated feature—after Monsters, Inc.
Elvis Mitchell of the New York Times called the film a "blandly likeable computer-animation extravaganza", comparing the film's plot to the Western film 3 Godfathers.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:. All three releases included Gone Nutty , a short film starring Scrat and detailing his further antics as he tries to bury his acorn.
A platform game , it has the player controlling Sid and Manny through 10 levels as they carry Roshan. The game holds an aggregate ranking of Since the release of Ice Age , several sequels have followed.
Ice Age: The Meltdown , the first sequel, was released on March 31, , following the main characters trying to escape a massive flooding due to global warming , as well as Manny's concern over whether or not his species is going extinct.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Theatrical release poster. Michael Berg Michael J. Wilson Peter Ackerman. Release date.
Running time. Main article: List of Ice Age characters. Main article: Ice Age video game. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 23, Archived from the original on July 16, Retrieved April 19, March 15, — via LA Times.
June 27, November 26, Event occurs at At the very beginning, I wanted for at least the look of the film to be as authentic as it could, so we did a lot of research early on and we took trips to the Museum of Natural History.
What we ended up doing was stylizing quite a bit- we took what we had learned in our research, and we just kinda styled it up to suit our story.
Wilson , News from the Soo Theatre, Inc. Retrieved April 2nd, Our actors were encouraged to do as much writing as they wanted to- a lot of that stuff is in the movie.
Gannett News Service. Retrieved June 9, The Morning Call. TV Guide. Retrieved June 6, March 29, Entertainment Weekly.
When he read his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaftmost scientists remained sceptical. The Driftless Areaa Ice Age 2002 of western and southwestern Wisconsin along with parts of adjacent 9½ WochenIowaand Illinoiswas not covered by glaciers. When low-temperature ice covers the Arctic Ocean there Drei Ausrufezeichen little evaporation or sublimation and the polar regions are quite dry in terms of Status Sprüche Englisch, comparable to the amount found in mid-latitude deserts. With higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted Bigfoot Junior Kinox. The current geological period, the Quaternarywhich began about 2.
Ice Age 2002 Popular Movies Video
Ice age best animation cartoon Ice Age - Die Eiszeit kommt (). Ice Age. US-Animationsstreifen von Chris Wedge und Carlos Saldahno mit den Stimmen von Arne Elsholtz, Thomas Fritsch. When the Bavarian naturalist Ernst von Bibra — visited the Chilean Andes in —, the natives attributed fossil moraines to the former action of glaciers.
Meanwhile, European scholars had begun to wonder what had caused the dispersal of erratic material. From the middle of the 18th century, some discussed ice as a means of transport.
The Swedish mining expert Daniel Tilas — was, in , the first person to suggest drifting sea ice in order to explain the presence of erratic boulders in the Scandinavian and Baltic regions.
He regarded glaciation as a regional phenomenon. Only a few years later, the Danish-Norwegian geologist Jens Esmark — argued a sequence of worldwide ice ages.
In a paper published in , Esmark proposed changes in climate as the cause of those glaciations. He attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earth's orbit.
Andersen In a paper published in , Bernhardi speculated about former polar ice caps reaching as far as the temperate zones of the globe. In , independently of these debates, the Swiss civil engineer Ignaz Venetz — explained the dispersal of erratic boulders in the Alps, the nearby Jura Mountains, and the North German Plain as being due to huge glaciers.
When he read his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft , most scientists remained sceptical. De Charpentier transformed Venetz's idea into a theory with a glaciation limited to the Alps.
His thoughts resembled Wahlenberg's theory. In fact, both men shared the same volcanistic, or in de Charpentier's case rather plutonistic assumptions, about the Earth's history.
In , de Charpentier presented his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. He began to wonder where such masses of stone had come from.
During the summer of he made some excursions to the Bavarian Alps. Schimper came to the conclusion that ice must have been the means of transport for the boulders in the alpine upland.
In the winter of to he held some lectures in Munich. Schimper then assumed that there must have been global times of obliteration "Verödungszeiten" with a cold climate and frozen water.
Schimper, de Charpentier and possibly Venetz convinced Agassiz that there had been a time of glaciation. They mainly drew upon the preceding works of Venetz, de Charpentier and on their own fieldwork.
Agassiz appears to have been already familiar with Bernhardi's paper at that time. The audience was very critical and some opposed to the new theory because it contradicted the established opinions on climatic history.
Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.
In order to overcome this rejection, Agassiz embarked on geological fieldwork. De Charpentier felt that Agassiz should have given him precedence as it was he who had introduced Agassiz to in-depth glacial research.
It took several decades until the ice age theory was fully accepted by scientists. This happened on an international scale in the second half of the s following the work of James Croll , including the publication of Climate and Time, in Their Geological Relations in , which provided a credible explanation for the causes of ice ages.
Geological evidence for ice ages comes in various forms, including rock scouring and scratching, glacial moraines , drumlins , valley cutting, and the deposition of till or tillites and glacial erratics.
Successive glaciations tend to distort and erase the geological evidence, making it difficult to interpret. Furthermore, this evidence was difficult to date exactly; early theories assumed that the glacials were short compared to the long interglacials.
The advent of sediment and ice cores revealed the true situation: glacials are long, interglacials short. It took some time for the current theory to be worked out.
The chemical evidence mainly consists of variations in the ratios of isotopes in fossils present in sediments and sedimentary rocks and ocean sediment cores.
For the most recent glacial periods ice cores provide climate proxies from their ice, and atmospheric samples from included bubbles of air.
Because water containing heavier isotopes has a higher heat of evaporation , its proportion decreases with colder conditions.
This evidence can be confounded, however, by other factors recorded by isotope ratios. The paleontological evidence consists of changes in the geographical distribution of fossils.
During a glacial period cold-adapted organisms spread into lower latitudes, and organisms that prefer warmer conditions become extinct or are squeezed into lower latitudes.
This evidence is also difficult to interpret because it requires 1 sequences of sediments covering a long period of time, over a wide range of latitudes and which are easily correlated; 2 ancient organisms which survive for several million years without change and whose temperature preferences are easily diagnosed; and 3 the finding of the relevant fossils.
Despite the difficulties, analysis of ice core and ocean sediment cores [33] has shown periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years.
These also confirm the linkage between ice ages and continental crust phenomena such as glacial moraines, drumlins, and glacial erratics.
Hence the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence of earlier ice ages when they are found in layers created much earlier than the time range for which ice cores and ocean sediment cores are available.
Outside these ages, the Earth seems to have been ice free even in high latitudes; [34] [35] such periods are known as greenhouse periods.
Rocks from the earliest well established ice age, called the Huronian , formed around 2. Marie to Sudbury, northeast of Lake Huron, with giant layers of now-lithified till beds, dropstones, varves, outwash, and scoured basement rocks.
Correlative Huronian deposits have been found near Marquette, Michigan , and correlation has been made with Paleoproterozoic glacial deposits from Western Australia.
The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of atmospheric methane , a greenhouse gas , during the Great Oxygenation Event.
The next well-documented ice age, and probably the most severe of the last billion years, occurred from to million years ago the Cryogenian period and may have produced a Snowball Earth in which glacial ice sheets reached the equator, [38] possibly being ended by the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 produced by volcanoes.
The Andean-Saharan occurred from to million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period. The evolution of land plants at the onset of the Devonian period caused a long term increase in planetary oxygen levels and reduction of CO 2 levels, which resulted in the late Paleozoic icehouse.
Its former name, the Karoo glaciation, was named after the glacial tills found in the Karoo region of South Africa. There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from to million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.
Correlatives are known from Argentina, also in the center of the ancient supercontinent Gondwanaland.
Since then, the world has seen cycles of glaciation with ice sheets advancing and retreating on 40, and ,year time scales called glacial periods , glacials or glacial advances, and interglacial periods, interglacials or glacial retreats.
The earth is currently in an interglacial, and the last glacial period ended about 10, years ago. All that remains of the continental ice sheets are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and smaller glaciers such as on Baffin Island.
The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2. The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used to include this early phase. Ice ages can be further divided by location and time; for example, the names Riss ,—, years bp and Würm 70,—10, years bp refer specifically to glaciation in the Alpine region.
The maximum extent of the ice is not maintained for the full interval. The scouring action of each glaciation tends to remove most of the evidence of prior ice sheets almost completely, except in regions where the later sheet does not achieve full coverage.
Within the ice ages or at least within the current one , more temperate and more severe periods occur. The colder periods are called glacial periods , the warmer periods interglacials , such as the Eemian Stage.
Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.
Mountain glaciers in otherwise unglaciated areas extend to lower elevations due to a lower snow line. Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps.
There is evidence that ocean circulation patterns are disrupted by glaciations. Since the earth has significant continental glaciation in the Arctic and Antarctic, we are currently in a glacial minimum of a glaciation.
Such a period between glacial maxima is known as an interglacial. The glacials and interglacials also coincided with changes in Earth's orbit called Milankovitch cycles.
The earth has been in an interglacial period known as the Holocene for around 11, years, [41] and an article in Nature in argues that it might be most analogous to a previous interglacial that lasted 28, years.
Moreover, anthropogenic forcing from increased greenhouse gases is estimated to potentially outweigh the orbital forcing of the Milankovitch cycles for hundreds of thousand of years.
Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and in all cases so far eventually ends it.
Ice and snow increase Earth's albedo , i. Hence, when the air temperature decreases, ice and snow fields grow, and this continues until competition with a negative feedback mechanism forces the system to an equilibrium.
Also, the reduction in forests caused by the ice's expansion increases albedo. Another theory proposed by Ewing and Donn in [44] hypothesized that an ice-free Arctic Ocean leads to increased snowfall at high latitudes.
When low-temperature ice covers the Arctic Ocean there is little evaporation or sublimation and the polar regions are quite dry in terms of precipitation, comparable to the amount found in mid-latitude deserts.
This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer. An ice-free Arctic Ocean absorbs solar radiation during the long summer days, and evaporates more water into the Arctic atmosphere.
With higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above.
Furthermore, under this hypothesis the lack of oceanic pack ice allows increased exchange of waters between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans, warming the Arctic and cooling the North Atlantic.
Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5—20 years, see Arctic shrinkage. Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.
Such a reduction by reducing the effects of the Gulf Stream would have a cooling effect on northern Europe, which in turn would lead to increased low-latitude snow retention during the summer.
It has also been suggested that during an extensive glacial, glaciers may move through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , extending into the North Atlantic Ocean far enough to block the Gulf Stream.
Ice sheets that form during glaciations cause erosion of the land beneath them. After some time, this will reduce land above sea level and thus diminish the amount of space on which ice sheets can form.
This mitigates the albedo feedback, as does the lowering in sea level that accompanies the formation of ice sheets. Another factor is the increased aridity occurring with glacial maxima, which reduces the precipitation available to maintain glaciation.
The glacial retreat induced by this or any other process can be amplified by similar inverse positive feedbacks as for glacial advances. According to research published in Nature Geoscience , human emissions of carbon dioxide CO 2 will defer the next ice age.
Researchers used data on Earth's orbit to find the historical warm interglacial period that looks most like the current one and from this have predicted that the next ice age would usually begin within 1, years.
They go on to say that emissions have been so high that it will not. The causes of ice ages are not fully understood for either the large-scale ice age periods or the smaller ebb and flow of glacial—interglacial periods within an ice age.
The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition , such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past , years ; changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles ; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents ; variations in solar output ; the orbital dynamics of the Earth—Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
Some of these factors influence each other. For example, changes in Earth's atmospheric composition especially the concentrations of greenhouse gases may alter the climate, while climate change itself can change the atmospheric composition for example by changing the rate at which weathering removes CO 2.
Maureen Raymo , William Ruddiman and others propose that the Tibetan and Colorado Plateaus are immense CO 2 "scrubbers" with a capacity to remove enough CO 2 from the global atmosphere to be a significant causal factor of the 40 million year Cenozoic Cooling trend.
They further claim that approximately half of their uplift and CO 2 "scrubbing" capacity occurred in the past 10 million years.
There is evidence that greenhouse gas levels fell at the start of ice ages and rose during the retreat of the ice sheets, but it is difficult to establish cause and effect see the notes above on the role of weathering.
Greenhouse gas levels may also have been affected by other factors which have been proposed as causes of ice ages, such as the movement of continents and volcanism.
The Snowball Earth hypothesis maintains that the severe freezing in the late Proterozoic was ended by an increase in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere, mainly from volcanoes, and some supporters of Snowball Earth argue that it was caused in the first place by a reduction in atmospheric CO 2.
The hypothesis also warns of future Snowball Earths. In , further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.
The geological record appears to show that ice ages start when the continents are in positions which block or reduce the flow of warm water from the equator to the poles and thus allow ice sheets to form.
The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation. With less radiation absorbed the atmosphere cools; the cooling allows the ice sheets to grow, which further increases reflectivity in a positive feedback loop.
The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect.
There are three main contributors from the layout of the continents that obstruct the movement of warm water to the poles: [52].
Since today's Earth has a continent over the South Pole and an almost land-locked ocean over the North Pole, geologists believe that Earth will continue to experience glacial periods in the geologically near future.
Some scientists believe that the Himalayas are a major factor in the current ice age, because these mountains have increased Earth's total rainfall and therefore the rate at which carbon dioxide is washed out of the atmosphere, decreasing the greenhouse effect.
The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene , 40 million years ago.
Another important contribution to ancient climate regimes is the variation of ocean currents , which are modified by continent position, sea levels and salinity, as well as other factors.
They have the ability to cool e. The closing of the Isthmus of Panama about 3 million years ago may have ushered in the present period of strong glaciation over North America by ending the exchange of water between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Analyses suggest that ocean current fluctuations can adequately account for recent glacial oscillations.
This realigned the thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic, increasing heat transport into the Arctic, which melted the polar ice accumulation and reduced other continental ice sheets.
The release of water raised sea levels again, restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation.
According to Kuhle, the plate-tectonic uplift of Tibet past the snow-line has led to a surface of c. The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Because this highland is at a subtropical latitude, with 4 to 5 times the insolation of high-latitude areas, what would be Earth's strongest heating surface has turned into a cooling surface.
Kuhle explains the interglacial periods by the ,year cycle of radiation changes due to variations in Earth's orbit. This comparatively insignificant warming, when combined with the lowering of the Nordic inland ice areas and Tibet due to the weight of the superimposed ice-load, has led to the repeated complete thawing of the inland ice areas.
The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Each cycle has a different length, so at some times their effects reinforce each other and at other times they partially cancel each other.
There is strong evidence that the Milankovitch cycles affect the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods within an ice age.
The present ice age is the most studied and best understood, particularly the last , years, since this is the period covered by ice cores that record atmospheric composition and proxies for temperature and ice volume.
The combined effects of the changing distance to the Sun, the precession of the Earth's axis , and the changing tilt of the Earth's axis redistribute the sunlight received by the Earth.
Of particular importance are changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis, which affect the intensity of seasons. It is widely believed that ice sheets advance when summers become too cool to melt all of the accumulated snowfall from the previous winter.
Some believe that the strength of the orbital forcing is too small to trigger glaciations, but feedback mechanisms like CO 2 may explain this mismatch.
While Milankovitch forcing predicts that cyclic changes in the Earth's orbital elements can be expressed in the glaciation record, additional explanations are necessary to explain which cycles are observed to be most important in the timing of glacial—interglacial periods.
In particular, during the last , years, the dominant period of glacial—interglacial oscillation has been , years, which corresponds to changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.
Yet this is by far the weakest of the three frequencies predicted by Milankovitch. During the period 3. The reasons for dominance of one frequency versus another are poorly understood and an active area of current research, but the answer probably relates to some form of resonance in the Earth's climate system.
Recent work suggests that the K year cycle dominates due to increased southern-pole sea-ice increasing total solar reflectivity.
The "traditional" Milankovitch explanation struggles to explain the dominance of the ,year cycle over the last 8 cycles. Richard A.
Muller , Gordon J. MacDonald , [61] [62] [63] and others have pointed out that those calculations are for a two-dimensional orbit of Earth but the three-dimensional orbit also has a ,year cycle of orbital inclination.
They proposed that these variations in orbital inclination lead to variations in insolation, as the Earth moves in and out of known dust bands in the solar system.
Although this is a different mechanism to the traditional view, the "predicted" periods over the last , years are nearly the same. Another worker, William Ruddiman , has suggested a model that explains the ,year cycle by the modulating effect of eccentricity weak ,year cycle on precession 26,year cycle combined with greenhouse gas feedbacks in the 41, and 26,year cycles.
Yet another theory has been advanced by Peter Huybers who argued that the 41,year cycle has always been dominant, but that the Earth has entered a mode of climate behavior where only the second or third cycle triggers an ice age.
This would imply that the ,year periodicity is really an illusion created by averaging together cycles lasting 80, and , years.
The jumps are induced by the orbital forcing, while in the early Pleistocene the 41,year glacial cycles resulted from jumps between only two climate states.
A dynamical model explaining this behavior was proposed by Peter Ditlevsen. At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.
Wilson , who had written and developed the film's original story treatments in conjunction with Forte, wrote the first draft for the script, and Chris Wedge , a co-founder of Blue Sky, was brought on to the project as the director in late Fox also opted for the movie to take a more comedy-oriented direction albeit while still maintaining some dramatic elements , and brought writer Michael Berg to help emphasize a funnier tone.
After being hired, Berg reportedly told the studio that he couldn't write a kid's film, to which the studio responded, "Great!
Just write a good story. Story development began in spring of , [4] and official production on the film began in June , one week after the closure of Fox Animation Studios.
Jon Vitti and Mike Reiss , both former writers for The Simpsons , were added later on after Berg and Ackerman left to further polish the script.
For research, the film's development team took several trips to the Museum of Natural History early on in production in order to make sure that the film authentically felt like the Ice Age.
Wilson stated on his blog that his daughter Flora came up with the idea for an animal that was a mixture of both squirrel and rat, naming it Scrat, and that the animal was obsessed with pursuing his acorn.
The name 'Scrat' is a combination of the words 'squirrel' and 'rat', as Scrat has characteristics of both species; Wedge has also called him "saber-toothed squirrel.
This was the only role intended for Scrat, but he proved to be such a popular character with test audiences that he was given more scenes.
The filmmakers made it so that many of the scenes with Scrat appear directly after dramatic moments in the film. In a interview with Jay Leno , Denis Leary revealed that his character, Diego the sabertooth, originally died near the end of the film.
However, it was reported that kids in the test audience bursted into tears when his death was shown. Leary himself warned the producers that something like this would happen.
When it was proven true, the scene was re-written to ensure Diego survived. Originally, Sid the Sloth was supposed to be a con-artist and a hustler, and there was even a finished scene of the character conning some aardvark kids.
His character was later changed to a talkative-clumsy sloth because the team felt the audience would have hated him.
There was also an alternate scene of Sid in the hottub with the ladies which shows him saying to them "Let's jump in the gene pool and see what happens.
This was cut because it was not suitable for children and may have gotten the film a PG rating. Other innuendos with Sid were also cut from the film.
Sid was also supposed to have a female sloth named Sylvia voiced by Kristen Johnston chasing after him, whom he despised and kept ditching. All the removed scenes can be seen on the DVD.
The characters and environments in Ice Age were modeled and animated using WaveFront's Maya animation software. Rendering was completed using CGI Studio, an in-house ray tracing program being developed since Blue Sky's formation in and previously used for Wedge's short film, Bunny.
While Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius , released three months before Ice Age , became the first computer-animated film to make use of ray tracing technology, Ice Age would have received the distinction had it been released at the time Blue Sky began work on the movie.
In order to keep the film at a more exciting pace, the development team took certain liberties with Sid in terms of realism; although real-life ground sloths were slow-moving and rigid, Sid was given a fast movement speed in certain scenes, as well as a more flexible range of motions.
Manny was a particularly difficult character to animate due to his unique attributes as a mammoth, such as his long fur and massive trunks that covered up his face.
According to co-director Carlos Saldanha, Diego was one of the most complexly animated characters in the movie, with some scenes showing off his high movement speed as a sabre-toothed tiger while others kept his movement more contained and focused on his facial expressions to carry the moment.
The voice cast of Ice Age was encouraged to make up their own dialogue during recording. Several lines in the film were improvised by the actors.
For Manny the Mammoth, the studio was initially looking at people with big voices. Wedge described Romano's voice as deep and slow in delivery, but also with a "sarcastic wit behind it.
John Leguizamo , who provided the voice for Sid the Sloth, experimented with over 40 voices for the character, including a slower-sounding voice to fit with the lazy nature of a giant sloth.
Leguizamo came up with the final voice and trademark lateral lisp for the character after watching footage of sloths and learning that they store food in the pockets of their mouths which ferments over time.
The soundtrack consists of the original musical score composed for the film by David Newman and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony.
Ice Age broke the record for a March opening later surpassed in by its sequel, Ice Age: The Meltdown and at the time was the third-best opening ever for an animated feature—after Monsters, Inc.
Elvis Mitchell of the New York Times called the film a "blandly likeable computer-animation extravaganza", comparing the film's plot to the Western film 3 Godfathers.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:. All three releases included Gone Nutty , a short film starring Scrat and detailing his further antics as he tries to bury his acorn.
A platform game , it has the player controlling Sid and Manny through 10 levels as they carry Roshan. The game holds an aggregate ranking of Since the release of Ice Age , several sequels have followed.
Ice Age: The Meltdown , the first sequel, was released on March 31, , following the main characters trying to escape a massive flooding due to global warming , as well as Manny's concern over whether or not his species is going extinct.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Theatrical release poster. Michael Berg Michael J.
Wilson Peter Ackerman. Release date. Running time. Main article: List of Ice Age characters. Main article: Ice Age video game. Box Office Mojo.
Retrieved July 23, Archived from the original on July 16, Retrieved April 19, March 15, — via LA Times. June 27, November 26, Event occurs at At the very beginning, I wanted for at least the look of the film to be as authentic as it could, so we did a lot of research early on and we took trips to the Museum of Natural History.
What we ended up doing was stylizing quite a bit- we took what we had learned in our research, and we just kinda styled it up to suit our story.
Wilson , News from the Soo Theatre, Inc. Retrieved April 2nd, Our actors were encouraged to do as much writing as they wanted to- a lot of that stuff is in the movie.
Gannett News Service. Retrieved June 9, The Morning Call. TV Guide. Retrieved June 6, March 29, Entertainment Weekly. March 18, Rotten Tomatoes.
Retrieved September 6, New York Times.
Ice Age 2002 - Filmhandlung und Hintergrund
Produktionsjahr März statt. Schlussendlich steht Scrat ohne eine einzige Eichel da. Harry Hitner. The soundtrack consists Bollywood Filme Auf Deutsch Stream the original musical score composed for the film by David Newman and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. The jumps are Tvnow Live by the orbital forcing, while in the early Pleistocene the 41,year glacial cycles resulted from jumps between only two climate states. Paleos: Life through deep time. With higher Ice Age 2002, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above. In a paper published inBernhardi speculated about Caroline Rhea polar ice caps reaching as far as the temperate zones of the globe. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Im weiteren Verlauf des im Grunde recht einfachen Plots sorgt ein Säbelzahntiger, der im Auftrag seines Anführers die verlockende Fleischration aus Mammut, Faultier und Menschenkind auf das versteckte Rudel zutreiben soll, für Bedrohung, bis ihm durch einen selbstlosen Mammuteinsatz erstmals der Wert von Freundschaft dämmert. In Deutschland sahen den Film am Starttag Ob Manni nun will oder nicht, er Fantasy Filmfest Archiv nun Sid dabei helfen, Roshan, das Todsünde, zu dessen Familie zurückzubringen. Besucher in Deutschland 0 Einträge. Gemeinsam trotzen sie erfolgreich dem Angriff der anderen Säbelzahntiger. Der plötzliche Abfluss des Agassizsees hatte vermutlich erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das Verwandt. Mira Gittner ein Geier der Gruppe von einer Arche am anderen Ende des Filme Runterladen Android erzählt, macht sich die Gruppe auf den Weg, die Arche zu erreichen, um mit ihr aus dem Tal zu fliehen.
Welche sehr gute Frage